ek空调故障代码(ek空调故障代码L1)
<h2>1. ek空调故障代码L1</h2><p>Adobe Premiere是Adobe家族的一款剪辑软件，它给我的感觉就是入门快、功能强大，无论是对于新手还是专业人士，PR在大部分情况下都是很友好的。</p><p>认识PR</p><p>Pr全称Adobe Premiere，是Adobe公司开发的一款视频剪辑&编辑软件。主要用于视频采集、视频剪辑、调色、添加字幕、编辑音频、渲染输出。</p><p>Premiere提供了采集、剪辑、调色、美化音频、字幕添加、输出、DVD刻录的一整套流程，并和其他Adobe软件高效集成，使用户足以完成在编辑、制作、工作流上遇到的所有挑战，满足用户创建高质量作品的要求。</p><p>下载PR软件</p><p>Adobe官网下载</p><p>进入Adobe官网进行下载https://www.adobe.com/cn/products/premiere.html</p><p>其他网页下载</p><p>1、打开浏览器今日头条搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网</p><p>2、打开浏览器百度搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网，点击上面【···】三个点之后选择【软件插件】里的【羽兔网软件下载】</p><p>3、选择【常用软件】里的【视频制作】</p><p>4、向下滑，在下面找到PR2018版本的进行【软件下载】，里面还有其他版本，这里选择的是适配win7的。</p><p>PR窗口介绍</p><p>Premiere软件由菜单栏、常用工具栏、时间轴、侧边面板栏（组件窗口）组成。主工作区有素材（项目）管理窗口、素材预览窗口、视频监视器窗口、时间轴窗口、调音台窗口、调色窗口等。</p><p>菜单栏</p><p>菜单栏可以说是整个软件的功能导图，为软件中大多数功能提供了菜单入口，例如PR软件中的绝大多数功能在对应的菜单栏中都可以找到。</p><p>功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)</p><p>功能窗口切换区域是软件为剪辑、调色、音频、字幕等不同功能定义的界面布局方案。点击对应的功能，软件会自动切换到使用该功能时的界面布局。</p><p>源素材预览窗口</p><p>源窗口主要是为项目面板中素材(视频、音频、图片)提供实时预览，双击项目面板中的素材即可在源窗口中进行播放预览。</p><p>节目监视窗口</p><p>节目窗口主要用于监视时间线上剪辑的画面，可以实时播放。</p><p>项目面板</p><p>项目面板主要是用于项目及素材的管理，我们导入到软件中的素材及新建的序列、字幕等素材全部都存放在项目面板中。</p><p>时间线窗口</p><p>时间线窗口可以简单理解为剪辑工作台，我们对素材的剪辑工作全部都是在时间线面板中操作完成。时间线窗口又可分为视频轨道和音频轨道。</p><p>工具栏</p><p>工具栏集合了所有视频剪辑工具，当然有一些是辅助剪辑工具。</p><p>选择工具（快捷键：V）</p><p>顾名思义，它的作用就是用来选择东西的，不过在有的时候它也会变为其它的形状，作用也随之改变。</p><p>向前选择轨道工具（快捷键：A）</p><p>使用此工具可以选择该轨道上以后的所有素材，视音频链接在一起的则音频同时也被选中；按住Shift键可以变为多轨道选择工具，此时单头变为双头，即使是单独的声音（比如音效、音乐等）也会被同时选中。</p><p>波纹编辑工具（快捷键：B）</p><p>使用此工具可以改变一段素材的入点和出点，这段素材后面的会自动吸附上去，总长度发生改变。</p><p>剃刀工具（快捷键：C）</p><p>pr中导入素材之后，利用剃刀工具切割开视频，视频就分开为多段了，可以分别剪辑切割后的每一段视频，包括删除、添加效果等。</p><p>外滑工具（快捷键：U）</p><p>作用于一段素材，用来同时改变此段素材的入点和出点。</p><p>钢笔工具（快捷键：P）</p><p>这个工具和字幕中的钢笔工具是一样，主要用来绘制形状。选中此工具，在需要的位置点击一下确定起点，直接点其它位置可以绘制直线，而在点第二个点的同时按住鼠标不放并进行拖拽可以绘制曲线；它还有一个作用就是进行关键帧的选择。</p><p>手形工具（快捷键：H）</p><p>点击鼠标左键，在时间轴上拖动，移动时间轴上显示素材的位置。当程序监视器放大时。拖放程序监视器中的可移动显示区域以观察细节。</p><p>文字工具（快捷键：T）</p><p>文字工具即在画面中输入我们想要的文字。</p><p>效果面板</p><p>效果面板集合了很多视频和音频效果控件，对视频或者音频添加模糊及转场等效果时，需要在效果面板中找到对应的效果控件然后添加到时间线上的剪辑。</p><p>效果控件面板</p><p>效果控件面板是对已经添加到素材上的效果进行参数调节的窗口。</p><p>音轨混合器窗口</p><p>对音频进行声道和音量调节的窗口，当然也可以通过这个窗口进行现场录音。</p><p>PR剪辑教程</p><p>创建项目</p><p>首先新建项目，暂存盘里的地址栏跟项目一样就可以。</p><p>新建序列</p><p>新建序列，选择1080p25，点击确定，就建立了一个时间线。</p><p>一般的剪辑软件里边都有现成的预设，只要知道这个尺寸就行，高清格式选择1080P或者720P都行。</p><p>导入素材</p><p>在项目列表双击，找到我们的素材，按住shift一块儿导入，导入之后可以对素材进行分类，让我们可以看的更仔细一些。（养成一个好的分类习惯，有助于提高我们工程的有趣性和效率，以后打包工程的整理都非常的有好处）。</p><p>拖入时间线</p><p>素材分类好之后，把视频音频素材按住shift一起都拖拽到时间线里。</p><p>设置比例</p><p>发现视频素材的大小不一，我们调整视频整体比例大小。找到信息，看见比例为640*360，在我们新建的时候不是这个比例，我们在序列里进行更改设置为640*360，这样时间线就跟我们相匹配了。</p><p>编辑视频</p><p>导入素材之后，我们开始对视频进行剪辑。</p><p>添加效果</p><p>添加效果，让视频看起来更流畅。</p><p>添加字幕</p><p>添加结尾字幕。</p><p>导出</p><p>剪辑完成，导出成品。 </p><p>PR导出格式一般用MOV、mp4、AVI等等。PR输出视频的时候，要求不一样，输出的格式的就不一样。因为没有统一的标准，要根据需求和目的才能定什么是合适的。</p><p>1、如果想输出文件后继续进行编辑，一般推荐输出MOV。</p><p>2、如果输出文件后直接就要观看，或传到视频网站。推荐输出H.264，即mp4。</p><p>3、如果输出文件给电视台标清播出，就输出AVI格式。</p><p>成品</p><p>下面这张是成品</p><p>这里用的是PR2018版本</p><p>PR基础快捷键</p><p>1、按i可以设置入点，O可以设置出点。</p><p>2、Shift+delete键可以删除视频同时，把视频之间的间隙去掉；Ctrl+Z撤销。</p><p>3、向前选择轨道工具（A）和链接选择项的结合使用可以删除选择点后面的视频和音频</p><p>4、向前选择轨道工具（A）和取消链接选择项的结合使用按shift键可单独删除视频，保留音频。</p><p>5、按Q键可删除剪辑的开始，按W键可删除剪辑的结尾，但是它们会从每个音轨中删除内容，如果有多层音轨，这个快捷键就不适用，可以通过锁定音频轨道来避免音频被删除。</p><p>6、按光标键→，按一下前进一帧，按Shift键+光标键，一下会前进5帧。</p><p>7、alt+拖动素材=复制</p><p>常用的快捷键如下：</p><p>注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在PR界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：</p><p>打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开PR后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面。</p><p>打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。</p><p>PR视频特效</p><p>添加滤镜</p><p>首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：</p><p>里面的滤镜很多，可以选择自己喜欢的滤镜进行使用，如下图箭头指向所示：</p><p>然后，我们直接将滤镜拖拽到素材身上就可以进行使用了，如下图箭头指向所示：</p><p>调整滤镜的内部可调节参数，素材的效果就能实时预览。点击前面的【FX】可以进行滤镜效果的开启以及关闭，如下图箭头指向所示：</p><p>效果里面，除了视频滤镜，还有音频滤镜以及各种转场可用，如下图箭头指向所示：</p><p>添加字幕</p><p>在工具栏，点击文字工具；</p><p>使用文字工具点击视频，在文字框中输入字幕，就添加字幕成功了。</p><p>视频的删减</p><p>导入完素材之后我们将素材拖到右边，便能对视频素材进行编辑了（点击播放按钮可预览）。接下来我们讲一下视频内容的删减。</p><p>比如说：我们觉得某一段内容不好，想把它删掉，那么该怎么办呢？在PR中我们有两种方法：</p><p>1、选择左侧工具栏的刻刀工具，在想要删去内容的两头进行点击，然后即可将商品分割成三段，可从中选择自己不想要的内容；</p><p>2、直接从末尾拖动即可（只能对开头或末尾内容进行删减）。</p><p>视频的倍速播放</p><p>视频的倍速播放在PR中很容易就能实现了：右键-速度/持续时间。选择速度（百分比，如200%就是两倍速） ，点击【倒放速度】就能倒放了。</p><p>音乐淡出效果</p><p>添加音乐的方法和添加视频的方法一样，导入以后拖动到右边就可以了。删减运用上述方法也是可以完成的。</p><p>音乐淡出的效果：</p><p>添加完音频后，拉开轨道，点击左下的小按钮，选择：轨道关键帧-音量；</p><p>选择：添加-移除关键帧按钮，在想要淡入、淡出的地方添加关键帧，即可对音量进行修改，完成淡入、淡出的效果；</p><p>如果你是第一次使用PR并且佩戴耳机的话，要到PR的【编辑】-【首选项】-【音频硬件】里的【默认输出】修改输出设备为：耳机。</p><p>音效增益</p><p>打开PR软件，将音频导入进去，拖到右下方的【时间轴】操作区；</p><p>右击鼠标，点击音轨，在出现的选项中点击【音频增益】；</p><p>在【音频增益】页面，选择【将增益设置为】；</p><p>输入合适的音频值，负数表示减少，完成后点击【确定】。</p><p>视频转场</p><p>首先打开电脑上的PR，打开项目文件后，选择右侧的【效果】面板，效果面板中有音频效果、音频过渡，视频效果、视频过渡；</p><p>鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】；</p><p>选择【交叉溶解】拖动到视频上，可以看到我们可以将转场放置到视频末尾，视频开头或两段视频中间，这里选择【视频中间】；</p><p>插入完成后我们双击此转场，进入【设置过渡持续时间】，拖动蓝色字体即可增加或减少时间。</p><p>成品：</p> %3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe Premiere是Adobe家族的一款剪辑软件，它给我的感觉就是入门快、功能强大，无论是对于新手还是专业人士，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在大部分情况下都是很友好的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnUr3YSjnT8yfxx1JfEA7Zb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识PR","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnR9osBfOEgCeh8vdA4Ct8Fh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Pr全称Adobe Premiere，是Adobe公司开发的一款视频剪辑\u0026编辑软件。主要用于视频采集、视频剪辑、调色、添加字幕、编辑音频、渲染输出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfu2kKYWNcR9F9gXR89OfKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Premiere提供了采集、剪辑、调色、美化音频、字幕添加、输出、DVD刻录的一整套流程，并和其他Adobe软件高效集成，使用户足以完成在编辑、制作、工作流上遇到的所有挑战，满足用户创建高质量作品的要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGdxJRqeFSHIHkd0wQ1OdRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"下载","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"软件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCA761mSEd5B7vAyPMd0VGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网下载","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzSSrQuvfKbJ7l1wKI5bu3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"进行下载","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.adobe.com/cn/products/premiere.html"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.adobe.com/cn/products/premiere.html","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwti8cvwC1haSG5SXQBwwRh"},,"attrs":{"height":633,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Adobe官网下载","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d270852cfd3458b936ab90537b1e349","width":1322},"text":"","id":"doxcnQe0om8qMyUuEwVGHMH7Iyg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ21XJ1g4bvctZoIXy7ejee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、打开浏览器","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"今日头条","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"搜索","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"3D溜溜网","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，进入官网","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXaYcJyllKSUOisUga7XDwg"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8be2af01bec4bb69f3acbc8ce99408a","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnzI3dVQG57bgdfaQUMA04jQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"打开浏览器百度搜索3D溜溜网，进入官网，点击上面【","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"···","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"】三个点之后选择【软件插件】里的【羽兔网软件下载】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIVPCifz0IRzsBqiEjOfiIf"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/85faafd7f05746b0a6d9cce1d7834247","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnqZpvG9QFK35bzCrca5Dv2I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、选择【常用软件】里的【视频制作】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzRohoZnbSkxA1A8Zk8b27e"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3373a35746ef45e1b0b226a760f4c9be","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn2OVEbs5EMbBygZUOujtPLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"向下滑，在下面找到","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2018版本的进行【软件下载】，里面还有其他版本，这里选择的是适配win7的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCtQ1MsKtZgOu5E1P57TWNb"},,"attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他网页下载","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6983044869594773849c3ce504786e5e","width":884},"text":"","id":"doxcn4us8I4k0Sm8SgPZJfjoJKc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR窗口介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn96P6ooUhkBHVMi4KpcrGbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Premiere软件由菜单栏、常用工具栏、时间轴、侧边面板栏（组件窗口）组成。主工作区有素材（项目）管理窗口、素材预览窗口、视频监视器窗口、时间轴窗口、调音台窗口、调色窗口等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCxCHkBbfrsDYRvzLAYfj3f"},,"attrs":{"height":1017,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR窗口介绍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/49745c347e82408589764ba9940e85d8","width":1920},"text":"","id":"doxcnPfVPkaL8cXxoC9iyybhMvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjGGp8htd1KmYO4wrdQHtHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏可以说是整个软件的功能导图，为软件中大多数功能提供了菜单入口，例如","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"软件","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中的绝大多数功能在对应的菜单栏中都可以找到。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngvQ04rFV59VIcbpf84JoDg"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62dc8dd4d8684ae5b33be7f1e4dea03c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn9E6osoDW58yS9TGvBUA2de"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFy98LpdkaloJb0N5Zu5dRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域是软件为剪辑、调色、音频、字幕等不同功能定义的界面布局方案。点击对应的功能，软件会自动切换到使用该功能时的界面布局。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5w4jrhGzO9gT01GJHYuf4A"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"功能窗口切换区域:(组件、编辑、颜色、效果、音频、字幕、库......)","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8706e837975b414d9920a90c96d1646d","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnJ6mEm9RKbr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中输入我们想要的文字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoYck2WM6cqWgJ8k4KM3jhV"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndcHB5AXuSWSdXrrKYuM9Uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果面板集合了很多视频和音频效果控件，对视频或者音频添加模糊及转场等效果时，需要在效果面板中找到对应的效果控件然后添加到时间线上的剪辑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXoJPdkjz1fuITZzCC8RUVg"},,"attrs":{"height":536,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"效果面板","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/450c1d28da224d94aa4834bcb9941629","width":954},"text":"","id":"doxcnRhiSwR41fhlP9cK4AEqd5b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果控件面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndBvaSPSPa11yuh8YcXCpCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"效果控件面板是对已经添加到素材上的效果进行参数调节的窗口。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5JKSFbhUJbguSSFyewO8pf"},,"attrs":{"height":530,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"效果控件面板","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e47be74d636041b987e4827dc9937da9","width":955},"text":"","id":"doxcnzrF0kx5BKtbQYhbr62k4v5"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音轨混合器窗口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjlvgJGZFs0gcONXFGWJ9wh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对音频进行声道和音量调节的窗口，当然也可以通过这个窗口进行现场录音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwK12k1tpwhzSyjZeWqUjze"},,"attrs":{"height":522,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音轨混合器窗口","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70a2a4c9776f42e898ad351c86703828","width":949},"text":"","id":"doxcn9JH8bQtuRQdQa6ZX3PmFcb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"剪辑教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqJi0dqQBGIbK8KWhYqFoK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创建项目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKoAcwkqQAwkGIFFMwIy2we"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先新建项目，暂存盘里的地址栏跟项目一样就可以。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny2wh5HNVQfgSoiQpvBBwzb"},,"attrs":{"height":826,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"创建项目","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/60e17b9ff6634037aa59d093bc61b177","width":1886},"text":"","id":"doxcngxZppxiRO0GuAB1EPBf37f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"新建序列","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWws8eKuMwy6SKrviovcitb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新建序列，选择1080p25，点击确定，就建立了一个时间线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc31LbnWEScbaFMcpQXJk0d"},,"attrs":{"height":830,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"新建序列","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/72d4c298f1e14f05940db634c70a70d8","width":1524},"text":"","id":"doxcnJPBEgWXM1Oo7LdNHkE3jeh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的剪辑软件里边都有现成的预设，只要知道这个尺寸就行，高清格式选择1080P或者720P都行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGOugWuEmk6c0yGQ2fO7FMh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"导入素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniCmOuEuSIuEguAGewib6Rc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在项目列表双击，找到我们的素材，按住shift一块儿导入，导入之后可以对素材进行分类，让我们可以看的更仔细一些。（养成一个好的分类习惯，有助于提高我们工程的有趣性和效率，以后打包工程的整理都非常的有好处）","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk5yCypGym40Cxh0DELYSEd"},,"attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"导入素材","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/282e43f7d1184d56833ea07497ff0a2c","width":1520},"text":"","id":"doxcno0yPM0zk4nDB0X9KRKcMpd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拖入时间线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyUUgEwieskWaqyQ7nCc0Rc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素材分类好之后，把视频音频素材按住shift一起都拖拽到时间线里。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGoGmlGHRPGbZf3zwSxMzRh"},,"attrs":{"height":808,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"拖入时间线","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cfeb44b7f4b642d3a5cd821177fc729e","width":1528},"text":"","id":"doxcn9erLjtllccME2Idto2GELd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设置比例","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM4CKmOK4WgAOVNJdYgZFys"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发现视频素材的大小不一，我们调整视频整体比例大小。找到信息，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"看见比例为6","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"4","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"0*360，在我们新建的时候不是这个比例，我们在序列里进行更改设置为6","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"4","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"0*360","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，这样时间线就跟我们相匹配了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4KIYjg1xM36XQmgGHykR3c"},,"attrs":{"height":808,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设置比例","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16194733ec194743b4b6d619885d2a1d","width":1518},"text":"","id":"doxcnKUk2BYu4JstbqFdols79cb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑视频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcsm4gI60wckb24kwmyWz4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"导入素材之后，我们开始对视频进行剪辑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncQyBiaEavZMZ0m2C005cmb"},,"attrs":{"height":826,"note":[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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpvU2bBwgmLhAKSzXeWoA9c"},,"attrs":{"height":828,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"导出","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d6a4de757279418c80970a8dda31ef4c","width":1530},"text":"","id":"doxcnq9OeQTXIaqIG5FhluqlHUD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR导出格式一般用MOV、mp4、AVI等等","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。PR输出视频的时候，要求不一样，输出的格式的就不一样。因为没有统一的标准，要根据需求和目的才能定什么是合适的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8WUWW4Q0eoOAoiU3zHiipb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、如果想输出文件后继续进行编辑，一般推荐输出MOV。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuacmSYEOuG0CQSl2C0Y0qb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、如果输出文件后直接就要观看，或传到视频网站。推荐输出H.264，即mp4。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncCOumAIkcS2Kon4eEwzPKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、如果输出文件给电视台标清播出，就输出AVI格式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2OiGGiWU0E2koz3Im8My3d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成品","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnikOQyOW066WI4HoGSoszMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面这张是成品","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnrlcxwJTKBYs8oNNf0tjhf"},,"attrs":{"height":230,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"成品","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/51eb05c25026403382e69a69026e3f7b","width":410},"text":"","id":"doxcndu3hxY8vMgwzvXhrog4sLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里用的是","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2018版本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnraknSYHmS9h9PBNzy1Ecrf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAOymG2QW6kOgew4XvrOBYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、按i可以设置入点，O可以设置出点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWMuG4kioCUs6gQDBPutVMv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、Shift+delete键可以删除视频同时，把视频之间的间隙去掉；Ctrl+Z撤销。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUUwCqSeA66oGI5CoBuWHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、向前选择轨道工具（A）和链接选择项的结合使用可以删除选择点后面的视频和音频","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8QaSq4gmMwOyKO5n6TxBbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、向前选择轨道工具（A）和取消链接选择项的结合使用按shift键可单独删除视频，保留音频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKyMYoQeeu84KU2iYrjLbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、按Q键可删除剪辑的开始，按W键可删除剪辑的结尾，但是它们会从每个音轨中删除内容，如果有多层音轨，这个快捷键就不适用，可以通过锁定音频轨道来避免音频被删除。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneoqqGoAqemIkEq2qzcuYqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、按光标键→，按一下前进一帧，按Shift键+光标键，一下会前进5帧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKs6yOQIeAG4Ww11XowX1Pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、alt+拖动素材=复制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAEsAIS8ssciik3RT8Xb00g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常用的快捷键如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0g0AaYCeM4KSmgSKkPjCCg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5ba572ebfa9742f592256ae6430ef6a5","width":901},"text":"","id":"doxcnM28y2m2AUYsSiyCX5SWQ8g"},,"attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/00b9e0f81a8a40fcb7b32d0f2fb96a9a","width":901},"text":"","id":"doxcnU6mK8cOMWw24GCG9yLRbch"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IoogSg4KmAiSwAUjCoB6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注：如果自己不适应默认的快捷键可以在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"界面快捷键设置修改，步骤如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0IoogSg4KmAiSwAUjCoB6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面有两种方法：第一种方法，打开","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"后，在菜单栏找到编辑选项下的快捷键菜单，单击后就会弹出设置界面。第二种方法，打开PR后，我们直接使用快捷键Ctrl+Alt+K后，也会弹出设置界面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmE8gQEcESwcaOsVIb2KNyc"},,"attrs":{"height":1013,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"基础快捷键","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76cfde61296b4aeb9cec5d4c5a94512f","width":1889},"text":"","id":"doxcn8WU68WuCgegUw95zwxC74c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开快捷键界面后在搜索框里我们直接输入想要添加的快捷键功能，然后在空白处单击鼠标，就会产生一个框，按下要设置的快捷键，最后点击确定保存设置，这样就快捷键就设置好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2sI2ays2C82CyY9ZEtLplh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PR视频特效","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKss2WSMgGAyqglCfF5Ay5Y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGyEQsy0oWYCSHLOLZhKq6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先就是滤镜的位置是在左下角的【效果】选项里面，如下图箭头指向所示：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk0Aygq2ouuiKKgup0xoU3e"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"添加滤镜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6150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，点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"倒放速度】就能倒放了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2weOsSGGuy6CknqwtBPqjc"},,"attrs":{"height":1524,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频的倍速播放","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48606e5677584670b5a9407862ee8b73","width":2712},"text":"","id":"doxcnuMO0Kqu6ieWgkp1OyVyZOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnquEaO6s8KUYK4s1P17lp5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加音乐的方法和添加视频的方法一样，导入以后拖动到右边就可以了。删减运用上述方法也是可以完成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqCsII4ek2WCUKuZYa4J2yc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出的效果：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCSiM8eeOkqMYYJJgdc3zpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"添加完音频后，拉开轨道，点击左下的小按钮，选择：轨道关键帧-音量","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkSgga8WCYAMsfvboStI1r"},,"attrs":{"height":1651,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef855225c95945fb8611422ba2888801","width":2736},"text":"","id":"doxcnqC82ga0ESE4geehPPuocqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择：添加-移除关键帧按钮，在想要淡入、淡出的地方添加关键帧，即可对音量进行修改，完成淡入、淡出的效果","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnciWIMWggKMO4qmo0LWnz4e"},,"attrs":{"height":560,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d4b72504b4b405281e0782f973337a5","width":2537},"text":"","id":"doxcnCOGUaqgwcWQ6spzhqzcHXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你是第一次使用P","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"R","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"并且佩戴耳机的话，要到P","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"R","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"编辑】-【首选项】-【音频硬件】里的【默认输出】修改输出设备为：耳机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwk28QWC6gkykdjJcdeAKg"},,"attrs":{"height":1161,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音乐淡出效果","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5099d6563766454ea287c12b41eb0705","width":1521},"text":"","id":"doxcniye8EkyoG8EgUPidM1yTZM"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmosymc0OW0Yo5ZI26sCaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开PR软件，将音频导入进去，拖到右下方的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【时间轴】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"操作区","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna802UygmWaEeEzpb4xHCSc"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0a4cbe0d440e42afa5566c892d954f54","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnCgwKW6QCakeQ23k8cMiTmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"右击鼠标，点击音轨，在出现的选项中点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【音频增益】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2c0qiCKOeiI8oZ8bDy3EQg"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5124f54cae5e4ebd99099e64c32a3101","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn2AMYac6qCIsYA52uYmmjDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【音频增益】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"页面，选择","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【将增益设置为】；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOQIkQ8O86Qg4cxWF0amyZb"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b864d26134b54a90861574547984795e","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnAOcIYsoeAWuWWSM57mLc1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"输入合适的音频值，负数表示减少，完成后点击","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【确定】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUAcWciGi2UeO8XAiLVBtc"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音效增益","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e88ddb02e713448e81ff265d4f30838f","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4UUYsyGwWiYA2CKYvb4gmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG4sysssKueIQuQFvufWYgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先打开电脑上的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"PR","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，打开项目文件后，选择右侧的【效果】面板，效果面板中有","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音频效果、音频过渡，视频效果、视频过渡；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmqwKcuQAwwW02ZoMGeRJfd"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62da70f7f90940c8b611e9a8892b2cbc","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4qiuQIqqUSCkeoVcRVlIoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼠标点开【视频过渡】，其中有7类转场特效，我们这里点击进入","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"【溶解】，选择【溶解】下的【交叉溶解】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM8K6A2siQKaugsk6Vb7Lc"},,"attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"视频转场","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e194612737c74984aafb20c40c87d59c","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxc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ek空调故障代码19</h2><p>出栏空调除霜和运行灯同时闪烁，这是空调电流保护故障。 1、出现上述问题，建议重新拔插空调插头后，重启空调；</p><p> 2、对市电供电电压和插座电流检测是否有问题，从而引起空调电流保护。</p><p> 3、如果拔插无效，市电供电正常，则是空调电源板坏，建议报修。</p><h2>3. ek空调故障代码27</h2><p>多联机空调故障代码ec03表示主板线路故障</p><p>ek多联机空调即空气调节器（Air Conditioner），是指用人工手段，对建筑或构筑物内环境空气的温度、湿度、流速等参数进行调节和控制的设备。一般包括冷源/热源设备，冷热介质输配系统，末端装置等几大部分和其他辅助设备。</p><h2>4. ek空调故障代码说明书</h2><p>多联机空调故障代码ec03表示主板线路故障</p><p>ek多联机空调即空气调节器（Air Conditioner），是指用人工手段，对建筑或构筑物内环境空气的温度、湿度、流速等参数进行调节和控制的设备。一般包括冷源/热源设备，冷热介质输配系统，末端装置等几大部分和其他辅助设备。</p><h2>5. ek空调故障代码h4怎样清除</h2><p>监理员证由各地住房城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会颁发。证书注明专业，省内通用；中国建设教育协会培训颁发的全国监理工程师培训结业证是全国通用的监理上岗证，证书全国通用，不分专业。</p><p>考试基本信息</p><p>考试介绍</p><p>监理员证、专业监理工程师证、注册监理工程师证考试是由各地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构自行组织的，一般多是在当地的市级行政的监理协会申请办理。</p><p>监理员和监理工程师的职责和工作内容不一样，监理员是受监理工程师调度的。监理员证分三个等级，分别是监理员证、专业监理工程师证、注册监理工程师证。这些证有公司培训发放的，有建设部发的，有交通部门发放的。</p><p>获得监理员证书，永远不可以转为注册监理工程师。注册监理工程师是考得的，报考条件是获得中级职称后三年。监理工程师是职位也是考的资格证，注册监理师，就是说的注册监理I程师，注册过的监理工程师，是过了监理工程师考试，然后注册的。</p><p>报名网址</p><p>可以通过中国建设教育协会（官网：https://www.ccen.com.cn/）报名监理员考试，培训期满且考试合格颁发《住房和城乡建设领域专业技术管理人员职业培训合格证书》。</p><p>专业监理工程师和注册监理工程师皆需要考试才能取得相应证书。</p><p>报名条件</p><p>1、大学专科及以上学历，建筑、土木、工民建类相关专业。</p><p>2、1年以上工程监理工作经验，有助理工程师资格者优先。</p><p>3、精通工程监理，工程管理等相关专业知识，了解建筑法、合同法、招投标法等相关法律法规，了解工程概预算相关知识。</p><p>4、有较高的判断决策能力，能及时决断，灵活应变，能处理各种矛盾、纠纷，具备良好的协调能力和控制能力。</p><p>5、有很好的语言表达、交际沟通能力。</p><p>6、责任心强、能吃苦耐劳，能适应经常出差。</p><p>报考时间</p><p>各省市报名时间并不相同，可在当地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构查询。</p><p>考试时间</p><p>各省市考试时间并不相同，可在当地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构查询。</p><p>科目介绍</p><p>《建设工程合同管理》</p><p>《建设工程目标控制》</p><p>《建设工程监理基本理论与相关法规》</p><p>《建设工程监理案例分析》</p><p>监理员</p><p>大专(包含大专)以上学历+岗位证书(监理员证)，其中分:土建、市政、安装、安全等专业。</p><p>监理员的工作包括但不限于：</p><p>1、在专业监理工程师的指导下开展现场监理工作;</p><p>2、检查承包单位投入工程项目的人力、材料、主要设备及其使用、运行状况，并做好检查记录;</p><p>3、复核或从施工现场直接获取工程计量的有关数据并签署原始凭证;</p><p>4、按设计图及有关标准，对承包单位的工过程或施工工序进行检查和记录，对加工制作及工序施工质量检查结果进行记录;</p><p>5、进行旁站监理工作，并做好记录，发现问题及时指出并向专业监理工程师报告;</p><p>6、做好监理日记，文件记录做到重点详细、及时完整。</p><p>题型和分值</p><p>《建设工程合同管理》：单选题：50道，1分/道；多选题：30道，2分/道。满分110分，66分及格。</p><p>《建设工程目标控制》：单选题：80道，1分/道；多选题：40道，2分/道。满分160分，96分及格。</p><p>《建设工程监理基本理论与相关法规》：单选题：50道，1分/道；多选题：30道，2分/道。满分110分，66分及格。</p><p>《建设工程监理案例分析》：案例题：6道，20分/道。满分120分，72分及格。</p><p>《建设工程合同管理》合格标准66分（满分110）；</p><p>《建设工程目标控制》合格标准96分（满分160分）；</p><p>《建设工程监理基本理论和相关法规》合格标准66分（满分110分）；</p><p>《建设工程监理案例分析》合格标准72分（满分120分）。</p><p>证书领取</p><p>一、现场领取</p><p>1、个人领证：凭本人有效身份证原件或成绩单领取（成绩单在查询成绩时可以直接打印）。</p><p>2、他人(单位)代领：凭代领人及持证人有效身份证原件。（个别省禁止他人代领）</p><p>二、邮寄领取</p><p>根据各地区人事考试网发布的领证通知，按照相关规定申请证书邮寄，支付邮费后等待证书送上门即可。</p><p>监理工程师证书属于注册类证书，取得监理工程师证书的人员，需要注册后方能以监理工程师名义执业。</p><p>备考方法</p><p>备考考点</p><p>监理员证考点</p><p>《监理规范》</p><p>考点</p><p>1.监理规划编写依据</p><p>包括：工程建设法律法规和标准、建设工程外部环境调查研究资料、政府批准的工程建设文件、建设工程监理合同文件、建设工程合同、建设单位的合理要求、工程实施过程中输出的有关工程信息。</p><p>2.监理规划编写要求</p><p>包括：监理规划的基本构成内容应当力求统一；监理规划的内容应具有针对性、指导性和可操作性；监理规划应由总监理工程师组织编制；监理规划应把握工程项目运行脉搏；监理规划应有利于工程监理合同的履行；监理规划的表达方式应当标准化、格式化；监理规划的编制应充分考虑时效性；监理规划经审核批准后方可实施。</p><p>3.监理规划主要内容</p><p>《建设工程监理规范》GB/T 50319—2013明确规定，监理规划的内容包括：工程概况；监理工作的范围、内容、目标；监理工作依据；监理组织形式、人员配备及进退场计划、监理人员岗位职责；监理工作制度；工程质量控制；工程造价控制；工程进度控制；安全生产管理的监理工作；合同与信息管理；组织协调；监理工作设施。</p><p>4.监理规划报审</p><p>依据《建设工程监理规范》GB/T 50319—2013，监理规划应在签订建设工程监理合同及收到工程设计文件后编制，在召开第一次工地会议前报送建设单位。</p><p>监理规划在编写完成后需要进行审核并经批准。监理单位技术管理部门是内部审核单位，其技术负责人应当签认。监理规划审核的内容主要包括以下几个方面：</p><p>（1）监理范围、工作内容及监理目标的审核；</p><p>（2）项目监理机构的审核。包括：组织机构、人员配备；</p><p>（3）工作计划的审核；</p><p>（4）工程质量、造价、进度控制方法的审核；</p><p>（5）安全生产管理监理工作内容的审核；</p><p>（6）监理工作制度的审核。 </p><p>专业监理工程师证考点</p><p>《监理概论》</p><p>监理实施程序及原则</p><p>监理合同签订以后，监理企业应按如下监理程序实施建设工程监理:</p><p>1、确定项目总监理工程师，成立项目监理机构。</p><p>2、编制建设工程监理规划施工阶段的监理规划。</p><p>应在签订委托监理合同及收到设计文件后开始编制，完成后必须经监理单位技术负责人审核批准，并应在召开第一次工地会议前报送建设单位。</p><p>3、制定各专业监理实施细则</p><p>包括下列主要内容：</p><p>专业工程的特点、监理工作的流程、监理工作的控制要点及目标值、监理工作的方法及措施。</p><p>4、规范化地开展监理工作</p><p>监理工作的规范化体现在：工作的时序性、职责分工的严密性、工作目标的确定性。</p><p>5、参与验收，签署建设工程监理意见</p><p>(6)向业主提交建设工程监理档案资料</p><p>监理单位一般应提交：设计变更、工程变更资料，监理指令性文件，各种签证资料等档案资料。</p><p>(7)监理工作总结 </p><p>其一，是向业主提交的监理工作总结</p><p>其二，是向监理单位提交的监理工作总结</p><p>二、项目监理机构的建立步骤、组织形式及监理人员职责分工</p><p>建立步骤(4步) </p><p>（1）确定项目监理机构目标</p><p>（2）确定监理工作内容</p><p>（3）项目监理机构的组织结构设计</p><p>（4）选择组织结构形式</p><p>合理确定管理层次与管理跨度</p><p>项目监理机构中一般应有三个层次：决策层、中间控制层（协调层和执行层）、作业层（操作层）</p><p>项目监理机构部门划分</p><p>制定岗位职责及考核标准</p><p>选派监理人员 </p><p>制定工作流程和信息流程 </p><p>注册监理工程师证考点</p><p>【考点1】监理业务是指施工阶段的服务。而除了施工阶段以外，其他阶段监理的服务，统统归为相关服务。《法规》专业选择题考点。</p><p>实施建设工程监理前，建设单位必须委托具有相应资质的工程监理单位，并以书面形式与工程监理单位订立建设工程监理合同，合同中应包括监理工作的范围、内容、服务期限和酬金，以及双方的义务、违约责任等相关条款。</p><p>在订立建设工程监理合同时，建设单位将勘察、设计、保修阶段等相关服务一并委托的，应在合同中明确相关服务的工作范围、内容、服务期限和酬金等相关条款。</p><p>【考点2】监理合同中，应明确哪些内容？</p><p>工程开工前，建设单位应将工程监理单位的名称，监理的范围、内容和权限及总监理工程师的姓名书面通知施工单位。</p><p>《实务》科目中，往往将干扰项写成“监理单位将监理单位名称、监理范围....等内容通知施工单位”。注意通知的主体，是建设单位。</p><p>《实务》科目中，解答题问：工程开工前，建设单位将工程监理单位的名称、总监姓名书面通知了施工单位。请问还有哪些信息需要通知？</p><p>【注意】是书面不是口头。考试中一般口头都是错的。</p><p>在建设工程监理工作范围内，建设单位与施工单位之间涉及施工合同的联系活动，应通过工程监理单位进行。</p><p>《实务》中，经常写成“施工单位将索赔意向报告提交建设单位”、“施工单位发现图纸错误，遂汇报给建设单位，让建设单位找设计改图”等等。这些步骤统统是错误的，因为跳过了监理。应先汇报监理，然后监理再汇报建设单位。</p><p>实施建设工程监理应遵循以下主要依据:</p><p>1、法律法规及工程建设标准;</p><p>2、建设工程勘察设计文件;</p><p>3、建设工程监理合同及其他合同文件。</p><p>监理遵循的依据，《实务》解答题常考默写。《法规》选择题多选也可以。</p><p>建设工程监理应实行总监理工程师负责制。</p><p>法规考试选择题：建设工程监理实施____负责制？</p><p>工程监理单位应公平、独立、诚信、科学地开展建设工程监理与相关服务活动。</p><p>监理单位是：公平、独立、诚信、科学。监理从业人员是：公平、独立、服务、科学。</p><p>每天要学习多少时间，每周学习多长时间，看完哪些章节，要有个可执行的计划时间，并随时总结自己计划完成情况。</p><p>科学的备考方法</p><p>快速听完一遍精讲课程，第一遍可以不求甚解，不懂的不要纠结说不定听后面的课自然就理解了，不要妄想全部记住，重要的是在于知道覆盖哪些知识点，建立知识体系。第二遍不懂的知识点要标注出来，回过头来要把不懂知识点各个击破。</p><p>1、备考资料：公众号下载视频资料，通过视频资料了解监理考试流程，进几年的题型分布，不需要专门刷精讲视频，也无需单独刷任何老师的视频。</p><p>2、阶段一：利用APP刷管理、三控和法规两套真题，目的是针对性的刷一下视频资料。</p><p>3、阶段二：管理、三控和法规五年真题刷5遍，频繁出错的进行收藏，5年真题保证得分率95以上，考点掌握率在85以上。</p><p>要抓重点进行强化练习，跟着视频学习强化记忆，抓重点各个击破。</p><p>真题一定要仔细做完，不懂得要反复听讲解并回顾相应知识点。考前模拟题押题要掐着时间做，确保能全部答完。</p><p>如何避免考场失分</p><p>不要在试卷上乱写乱画，要在演算纸上进行这一项，这种情况不但不会给自己加分，反而容易失分。这种做法或许你是无心的，可是考试有考试的规矩，会被作为标记进行处理，扣分是小事，判为零分就是大事了。</p><p>作答时，字体一定要工整，这样说不定老师会给分数，对于字体不好看的虽然不扣分数，不但影响美观，更影响了老师对你试卷的兴趣，都不想往下看你以后的内容，这样还怎么得高分数，直接影响了你这张试卷的分数，导致不能够通过考试。监理工程师考试主观题在作答时最好要用上教材的专用术语，不要用自己的大白话来回答，没有专业性，得分就不高。</p><p>在作答监理工程师试卷时，注意运用一些逻辑，在答题之前回答上是根据哪个文件或者哪个条文进行展开分析，更加有理有据，这样作答更加专业，老师对你的试卷印象也会更加深刻，再者答题时一定要看清题目及题意，切记盲目作答。</p><p>公共科目比较简单，基本都是记忆的东西，而决定你成败的是专业课，相对较难，需要计算并理解的比较多，需要重点复习。</p><p>在不确定答案的时候先做好标记不要作答，这样就不会随意更改，弄得试卷上乱七八糟，让老师看了头疼。</p> %3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理员证由各地住房城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会颁发。证书注明专业，省内通用；中国建设教育协会培训颁发的全国监理工程师培训结业证是全国通用的监理上岗证，证书全国通用，不分专业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSuoUU88eic6oUThDijmVWQ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试基本信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneKuy22aW4wmQY16OKoSNSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyyAEQcWyUGoqeMUkHND0jh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理员证、专业监理工程师证、注册监理工程师证考试","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"是由各地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构自行组织的，一般多是在当地的市级行政的监理协会申请办理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYCyoU0SUKy48QFJ196pK1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理员和监理工程师的职责和工作内容不一样，监理员是受监理工程师调度的。监理员证分三个等级，分别是监理员证、专业监理工程师证、注册监理工程师证。这些证有公司培训发放的，有建设部发的，有交通部门发放的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWk4CQ0qA2W8gcdw8ZQXC3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"获得监理员证书，永远不可以转为注册监理工程师。注册监理工程师是考得的，报考条件是获得中级职称后三年。监理工程师是职位也是考的资格证，注册监理师，就是说的注册监理I程师，注册过的监理工程师，是过了监理工程师考试，然后注册的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCagQGOmE80eC4e1DF7U0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMiEgayIsCcmcZrSWC8KSiC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSU0gqGmQW8I04CGhTuR4Te"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名网址","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyqsmQUg4uqkqCMkvmOCZUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以通过中国建设教育协会（官网：","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.ccen.com.cn/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.ccen.com.cn/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"）报名监理员考试，培训期满且考试合格颁发《住房和城乡建设领域专业技术管理人员职业培训合格证书》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk26kEYKOuo6IO3WpzMBMB1"},,"attrs":{"height":711,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"报名网址","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c22b8f4183434550b24fc886330cb9b9","width":1746},"text":"","id":"doxcnyyOScsEeWMa0cfNhqSHInc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"专业监理工程师和注册监理工程师皆需要考试才能取得相应证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYQkaosmYeuWQKWj7azR8bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkI6GYMEekiYqYvshVYgZOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"大学专科及以上学历，建筑、土木、工民建类相关专业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKAcAEcSwqm0kNPwHz425f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、1年以上工程监理工作经验，有助理工程师资格者优先。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksU6YqGsywQMIP2tMASIWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、精通工程监理，工程管理等相关专业知识，了解建筑法、合同法、招投标法等相关法律法规，了解工程概预算相关知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyymEEmUUs6Ika0Ixof8S7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、有较高的判断决策能力，能及时决断，灵活应变，能处理各种矛盾、纠纷，具备良好的协调能力和控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwcSuggS4w4qULhFaYiajc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、有很好的语言表达、交际沟通能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuiaQI8W2IAc0agp4Bw81Rh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、责任心强、能吃苦耐劳，能适应经常出差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00aiwSYOiii06Z2MMinoxb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni8S40OqSS6MawbLRvJyjTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各省市报名时间并不相同，可在当地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构查询","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQega4osq68StOnoB8NRGM"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCg04E2ucWmMeotiRJfNVTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各省市考试时间并不相同，可在当地住房和城乡建设厅（委）或者中国建设教育协会授权机构查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOkuoqAiOAUMo6yzYYlwsJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科目介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwwyOs8WQmoGyovCtxHzYCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程合同管理》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCSmeuqkCKo0is7ccmifDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程目标控制》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIMyMAme4k0GWK810oHAqlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程监理基本理论与相关法规》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncEUqMiWEGg2qk7h5KDDKZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《建设工程监理案例分析》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAGi6YeQuicC66xxD8Y0sId"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理员","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq0IKCAciUy2qYtRSjf25fd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大专(包含大专)以上学历+岗位证书(监理员证)，其中分:土建、市政、安装、安全等专业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkgUSiG4660q28egivHrXJ1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理员的工作包括但不限于：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Yoea8S8YseocPmHTECp6b"},{"type":"paragraph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50319—2013明确规定，监理规划的内容包括：工程概况；监理工作的范围、内容、目标；监理工作依据；监理组织形式、人员配备及进退场计划、监理人员岗位职责；监理工作制度；工程质量控制；工程造价控制；工程进度控制；安全生产管理的监理工作；合同与信息管理；组织协调；监理工作设施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG4CmQsyeM0miATWlgM4hYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.监理规划报审","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyQoaOaM0wO2Ql5tEKe84sx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"依据《建设工程监理规范》GB/T 50319—2013，监理规划应在签订建设工程监理合同及收到工程设计文件后编制，在召开第一次工地会议前报送建设单位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGS8y4sKkMco6ExAbJ0UNRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理规划在编写完成后需要进行审核并经批准。监理单位技术管理部门是内部审核单位，其技术负责人应当签认。监理规划审核的内容主要包括以下几个方面：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnymEAwgKUAacEU7Y6gTbF3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）监理范围、工作内容及监理目标的审核；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ8GEMeA8MAyYAHq4MYaphc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）项目监理机构的审核。包括：组织机构、人员配备；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnksIayyG2mQsCYB5mJB5ovb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）工作计划的审核；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngCEWaeuYqs8MoP5AME9Hig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（4）工程质量、造价、进度控制方法的审核；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWY4gKw2EeaOsaYHeLTUhTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（5）安全生产管理监理工作内容的审核；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00cYiASie2OSazySkHovkj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（6）监理工作制度的审核。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKyisk4eYUICkamUAFFXLwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"专业监理工程师证考点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnySQiO2ogKYM4CAoqWye76f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《监理概论》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4oOeaQUAKkkO4TawYGj0Hg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"监理实施程序及原则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgU2w6oOkOu8uEEkuTXuyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理合同签订以后，监理企业应按如下监理程序实施建设工程监理:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmuQCkOmqmGKUOuyomebTwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"确定项目总监理工程师，成立项目监理机构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamm4WQEQIkQqicRzgeLY3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、编制建设工程监理规划施工阶段的监理规划。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW8UGOYeioCoKIlC1sDv3Eb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"应在签订委托监理合同及收到设计文件后开始编制，完成后必须经监理单位技术负责人审核批准，并应在召开第一次工地会议前报送建设单位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqoKuCQwQi4CC46TTqUCaTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、制定各专业监理实施细则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2260kw46uEC2yW6hdHSULd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包括下列主要内容：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0OKq6SCSs8IoYlrUtkl1cg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"专业工程的特点、监理工作的流程、监理工作的控制要点及目标值、监理工作的方法及措施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnywIm820qMIgmMpeLtHA9Ih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、规范化地开展监理工作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06UKYak84k6Oao4abMT2Vz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理工作的规范化体现在：工作的时序性、职责分工的严密性、工作目标的确定性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQAOQ4YiCK8uInQmk3aaMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、参与验收，签署建设工程监理意见","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4em6s6gOOA8kZHRdDXrHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)向业主提交建设工程监理档案资料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniScOKugqEEIowndSwnFPOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理单位一般应提交：设计变更、工程变更资料，监理指令性文件，各种签证资料等档案资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06QyGwyOs8ACoXRbYNolpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)监理工作总结 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU22OYoeUq8C2iO7ZtCvJYp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其一，是向业主提交的监理工作总结","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO86UUMaQcGuWuOnjpCacbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其二，是向监理单位提交的监理工作总结","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEOAyaWU42e4stQzBb1OZu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、项目监理机构的建立步骤、组织形式及监理人员职责分工","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkM84yOS6KGyGMBCES9HRLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建立步骤(4步) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkAUSi8AikcqQUxeWGzkeTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）确定项目监理机构目标","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuMmCWOIK4qiU5piLaX6he"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）确定监理工作内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwgi6Oa8SoaAA3We2iTmMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）项目监理机构的组织结构设计","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn48uU4SW0WEOkKgmC0w7H0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（4）选择组织结构形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWasIo6YweMq6Ubaccgq1ec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"合理确定管理层次与管理跨度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6ygsu4ee0i8wErjka9iGKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"项目监理机构中一般应有三个层次：决策层、中间控制层（协调层和执行层）、作业层（操作层）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn24aQiyucO8CW4KWTFPIJTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"项目监理机构部门划分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4uEIUKGkoeWGIDypuWzlMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制定岗位职责及考核标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2cSIwIyk2mAkwZ6NUFEkeh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选派监理人员 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6YA4Eyy20yW0yZFyiTtqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制定工作流程和信息流程 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncemqkiOCkSwQGCM7hdyy1c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注册监理工程师证考点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqUGOgm0oG6eSWn4YtdJJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【考点1】","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"监理业务是指施工阶段的服务。而除了施工阶段以外，其他阶段监理的服务，统统归为相关服务。《法规》专业选择题考点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04cwSSKuC82WwREK46MZZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实施建设工程监理前，建设单位必须委托具有相应资质的工程监理单位，并以书面形式与工程监理单位订立建设工程监理合同，合同中应包括监理工作的范围、内容、服务期限和酬金，以及双方的义务、违约责任等相关条款。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniK80Syg8OkKkm8fAp5AFYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在订立建设工程监理合同时，建设单位将勘察、设计、保修阶段等相关服务一并委托的，应在合同中明确相关服务的工作范围、内容、服务期限和酬金等相关条款。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs6mwoMkU4eI6fu0f8xXue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【考点2】监理合同中，应明确哪些内容？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng26cqg2SgSW8mLTdqsm4rb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工程开工前，建设单位应将工程监理单位的名称，监理的范围、内容和权限及总监理工程师的姓名书面通知施工单位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqWQ04EGYwyMQBc5Ul6F9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《实务》科目中，往往将干扰项写成“监理单位将监理单位名称、监理范围....等内容通知施工单位”。注意通知的主体，是建设单位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYKKQgcymayOUeIezjvpRJJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《实务》科目中，解答题问：工程开工前，建设单位将工程监理单位的名称、总监姓名书面通知了施工单位。请问还有哪些信息需要通知？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI0qEsAUGE6QoKcglKkq7eh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【注意】是书面不是口头。考试中一般口头都是错的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngeQ2QOa0qqgeiDt1gSYOpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在建设工程监理工作范围内，建设单位与施工单位之间涉及施工合同的联系活动，应通过工程监理单位进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWs0camUgmkWo7unK1zkjsp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《实务》中，经常写成“施工单位将索赔意向报告提交建设单位”、“施工单位发现图纸错误，遂汇报给建设单位，让建设单位找设计改图”等等。这些步骤统统是错误的，因为跳过了监理。应先汇报监理，然后监理再汇报建设单位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUu6g68KWCcGsZR77Rwalc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实施建设工程监理应遵循以下主要依据:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoWiasOIMSiwqyA9EKNzStd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、法律法规及工程建设标准;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQYW26easYwqiYzKH8QNRkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、建设工程勘察设计文件;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2GSGmuygECKSl47Qyyy4zi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、建设工程监理合同及其他合同文件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAME26AgqqIiQaqUio0AFhe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理遵循的依据，《实务》解答题常考默写。《法规》选择题多选也可以。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKc8keEs4eaII6LMbvj164e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建设工程监理应实行总监理工程师负责制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYIqgieUwOA4OkjWERlTUPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"法规考试选择题：建设工程监理实施____负责制？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCWyKC2aSkcySG6LJFAOFVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工程监理单位应公平、独立、诚信、科学地开展建设工程监理与相关服务活动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQo4cCYMcq64YdDmyDLnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"监理单位是：公平、独立、诚信、科学。监理从业人员是：公平、独立、服务、科学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2qwMUegKqOqusfcHclnAmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每天要学习多少时间，每周学习多长时间，看完哪些章节，要有个可执行的计划时间，并随时总结自己计划完成情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoEyCIOCgeA6GeeFP4fGuPc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"科学的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"备考方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcGwym0UKMM4Om2FRSQ4Ne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快速听完一遍精讲课程，第一遍可以不求甚解，不懂的不要纠结说不定听后面的课自然就理解了，不要妄想全部记住，重要的是在于知道覆盖哪些知识点，建立知识体系。第二遍不懂的知识点要标注出来，回过头来要把不懂知识点各个击破。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUOqmOey0siAOoG8C2uYAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、备考资料：公众号下载视频资料，通过视频资料了解监理考试流程，进几年的题型分布，不需要专门刷精讲视频，也无需单独刷任何老师的视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqQI6ku2YAqmoN0H4KAaef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、阶段一：利用APP刷管理、三控和法规两套真题，目的是针对性的刷一下视频资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekU46mYccwyAgbXbzt6cHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阶段二：管理、三控和法规五年真题刷5遍，频繁出错的进行收藏，5年真题保证得分率95以上，考点掌握率在85以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4m0MeOmuiOoCCJqLTB5Ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要抓重点进行强化练习，跟着视频学习强化记忆，抓重点各个击破。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqYESe6ukwgMHZoedywKk3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"真题一定要仔细做完，不懂得要反复听讲解并回顾相应知识点。考前模拟题押题要掐着时间做，确保能全部答完。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnugwYamEiA2QEIJRt0q6iYb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何避免考场失分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqUYoEOsoK8oAY7R1NIAxjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不要在试卷上乱写乱画，要在演算纸上进行这一项，这种情况不但不会给自己加分，反而容易失分。这种做法或许你是无心的，可是考试有考试的规矩，会被作为标记进行处理，扣分是小事，判为零分就是大事了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw88qewsewUQkQBXT9Y4cDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作答时，字体一定要工整，这样说不定老师会给分数，对于字体不好看的虽然不扣分数，不但影响美观，更影响了老师对你试卷的兴趣，都不想往下看你以后的内容，这样还怎么得高分数，直接影响了你这张试卷的分数，导致不能够通过考试。监理工程师考试主观题在作答时最好要用上教材的专用术语，不要用自己的大白话来回答，没有专业性，得分就不高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWYcuKikeCEM83lBdZsXNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在作答监理工程师试卷时，注意运用一些逻辑，在答题之前回答上是根据哪个文件或者哪个条文进行展开分析，更加有理有据，这样作答更加专业，老师对你的试卷印象也会更加深刻，再者答题时一定要看清题目及题意，切记盲目作答。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAqsYyiYoc28yyGS70xC1he"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"公共科目比较简单，基本都是记忆的东西，而决定你成败的是专业课，相对较难，需要计算并理解的比较多，需要重点复习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCK4Mu6AoYIoQAHU5tKSQUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在不确定答案的时候先做好标记不要作答，这样就不会随意更改，弄得试卷上乱七八糟，让老师看了头疼。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIQumEeIIS2SSSWX0QSFmMh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E<h2>6. ek空调故障代码L1怎样清除</h2><p>婴幼儿时期是生命发展的基础阶段与关键期，因此早教可以为婴幼儿的身体、大脑、智力、个性、人格、精神、心灵等方面的发展打下根基。</p><p>早教基本信息</p><p>背景介绍</p><p>早教班适合0到6岁的孩子，因为这个年龄段的孩子是开发各种潜力的最佳时机，比如沟通能力、专注度、想象力、学习能力、人际交往能力等等；正确、科学的早期教育可以为孩子多元化的大脑发育和健康人格的培养打下良好的基础。一般来说，上早教越早越好，出生后42天就可以参加早教，但是一岁以内的宝宝理解不够，需要和父母一起学习，也就是亲子早教班。一岁半以上的孩子，可以根据自身的发展水平选择是否需要家长陪同。不同阶段的孩子有不同适合的早教课程。</p><p>上早教的好处</p><p>开发潜能</p><p>宝宝在家长和老师的陪同下多参加一些早教活动，对开掘宝宝的内在是有帮助的。</p><p>比如语言智能、肢体智能、音乐智能、逻辑智能等。</p><p>每个孩子都有独特的性格和特点，有的比较活泼能适应环境变化，有的相对内敛比较小心谨慎。</p><p>通过一些活动或游戏来帮助家长关注孩子的反应，既锻炼了孩子的能力也能让父母发现孩子的天性，从而在宝宝的成长中帮助宝宝发展，适应新的变化。</p><p>塑造性格</p><p>早教另一个大的益处就是能培养宝宝开朗外向的性格，让宝宝走出小家庭，来到一个大家庭。</p><p>人际交流机会增多，可以增强宝宝的交往沟通能力，使得他们变得更加活泼、有信心，也更喜欢与他人交往。</p><p>对于一些内向的孩子帮助效果尤其明显，无论是以后进入幼儿园还是长大后自信心的建立，都有很多的益处。</p><p>增加情感</p><p>在亲子互动的过程中，父母作为大朋友领导和配合着孩子的行为。</p><p>比如父母和孩子一起进行亲子阅读，一起阅读故事书，可以建立亲子关系。</p><p>还可以一起配合来进行角色扮演，这样也会增加孩子的自信心，角色扮演之后孩子会对整个故事记忆深刻，丰富了孩子的知识，寓教于乐。</p><p>如何挑选机构</p><p>家长在选择早教机构时，一定要多花时间，考虑距离、环境、师资和服务。直接的办法就是带宝宝去试听体验课。</p><p>硬件、环境</p><p>一般早教环境设施都比较“高大上”，通常会有家长豪华休息室、咖啡机、电脑、娱乐区等等，但是孩子，尤其是婴幼儿，到底需要一个什么样的环境呢？</p><p>比如是否有相对独立、安静、宽松的教室，是否有适宜的室内灯光和温度，是否配置相应教学设备和安全消防设施，视觉设计是否有童趣等等以及是否具备无毒可靠、数量充足、性能优越的一些特殊培训课程所需的教学（含实训）设施等。 </p><p>课程体系特色</p><p>许多人认为早教班就只是在玩游戏，要知道这些游戏的设置是根据宝宝的年龄阶段和生长发育特定的，不仅仅是在玩，还在玩的过程中培养宝宝的技能，如何玩的更加有效和巧妙，引导宝宝健康成长。早教的课程一般有肢体训练、感官、数学、艺术和音乐等这些内容。不同的早教机构教学理念不同，因此课程设计上也略有不同。</p><p>比如，早教中心的教材采用其他机构或市场销售的专家书籍，从一个侧面反映了该机构的研发能力和教学潜力如何，这样的机构的课程缺乏更新能力和市场追踪能力，不是上佳选择。</p><p>宝宝每个年龄段的能力发展是不同的，因此各阶段早教课程的侧重点也会有所不同。</p><p>0-2.5岁的宝宝</p><p>重点培养感知运动、音乐表达、社交等能力，也会培养宝宝手部精细动作、语言表达能力、注意力等能力。</p><p>2.5-3岁的宝宝</p><p>课程会侧重在宝宝情绪调试、习惯规则的遵守的能力，针对入园适应的相关问题，着重培养精细动作、语言表达、情绪调试、习惯规则等。</p><p>3-6岁的宝宝</p><p>课程会针对科学认知、语言发展和人际交往，着重培养学习能力、语言能力、社会交往、行为习惯等能力发展，为幼升小做准备。</p><p>因此，家长在选择早教中心的时候要考察课程设置是否科学分龄，每个阶段的课程侧重点应遵循儿童的能力发展有所不同。</p><p>师资力量</p><p>师资水平是选择早教中心时，学校软实力中最重要的衡量标准之一。</p><p>首先，教师应具备相应的从教资质。要看老师有没有进行过专业的培训，是如何培训获得资质的。</p><p>其次，教师应具备相应的知识储备。这不仅指教师应熟练掌握所教学科的知识内容，还包括会运用恰当的教育教学方法引导孩子如何去学习。所以一定要与老师多沟通交流，看老师的言谈举止、专业知识、课堂组织呈现能力等全面素质。</p><p>再次，教师应该具备高度的责任心，遵循“有教无类”的原则，善于鼓励学生，发现他们各自的优点。建议家长可以与老师多沟通自己宝宝的发展情况，咨询一些育儿问题等，从而进行全面了解。家长在和老师接触时，只要提几个专业的问题或就自己孩子目前发展的特点进行交流，就会检验出老师的水平。</p><p>孩子兴趣</p><p>对孩子的早期教育一定要遵循适当的发展规律，不能根据大人的主观意愿来决定孩子应该学习哪些课程，这都是不正确的，而且还会起到相反的作用。总之，无论何时都要以孩子的感受和喜好为主。</p><p>在选择早教机构时，要做好孩子的思想准备，很多时候，孩子都是对硬性的学习非常的抵触的，一旦没有做好铺垫，很可能就让孩子有了抵触的心理，产生了厌学情绪的话就更不好了。</p><p>家长们也要注意，一节体验课孩子表现的好坏，不足以证明这家机构对孩子的长远发展是好或者坏，只能说明孩子对新环境的适应能力是好或者坏。</p><p>办学资质</p><p>选择早教中心，千万不要被琳琅满目的广告给看花了眼睛，现今品牌效应、宣传轰炸充斥的当下环境，早教产品的广告数不胜数，家长在选择的时候一定要擦亮眼睛。</p><p>要看机构的工商、税务营业执照是否完善，是否有政府相关部门出具的培训资质，机构名称和办学实体是否相符。</p><p>比如：有些培训机构虽然称呼为XX学校、XX学院，名字很大气，但实际却不是那么回事，学院类名称是国家规定有学历教育的机构使用的，无学历教育者一般不具备资格，所以别被名字误导了！ </p><p>距离</p><p>距离是一个很大的因素，因为太远的距离反而会因为路上耽误时间多久，有损身体健康，引起孩子的方案，同时也加重了家长负担。</p><p>另外，早教中心是否有合格的办学许可证？早教中心建立的年数与口碑如何？是否出现过加盟商停业跑路的情况？这些综合要素都需要家长慎重把控。</p><p>收费合理</p><p>在了解学校环境、设备、师资、教学理念等情况的基础上，学校收费也是家长需要考虑的重要因素。</p><p>家长应仔细查看学校的收费项目、收费标准，了解收费是否经过备案、是否进行了公示、是否能开具有效票据等。在家庭经济承受范围之内，尽可能提供给孩子最优质的教育服务。 </p><p>早教方法</p><p>上早教课只是早教的一部分，更重要的是家长的陪伴。一岁半的宝宝，最好的教育方法是和他玩，做亲子游戏。在玩耍的过程中对宝宝进行语言教育，既让宝宝感觉到快乐，同时效果又较好。</p><p>模仿训练</p><p>早教课程：有趣的表情</p><p>课程目的：激发孩子的观察力，掌握模仿的本能</p><p>具体步骤：</p><p>1、和孩子面对面坐好，对孩子做微笑的表情，同时对孩子说：“嘴角上翘是微笑，宝宝笑一个。”然后观察孩子的反应。</p><p>2、准备一些有关微笑的图片，让孩子看一看，并告诉他：“瞧，大家都在笑，宝宝也笑一笑。”</p><p>3、用同样的方法教孩子认识其他表情，如淘气吐舌头、开心地大笑、难过地哭泣、生气等。</p><p>4、拿一面镜子，和孩子一起坐在镜子前，对着镜子做表情，然后让孩子模仿。</p><p>这样的早教课堂，爸爸妈妈可以经常的陪孩子来做，可以激发孩子的模仿兴趣，并训练孩子面部肌肉。</p><p>训练动作能力</p><p>1、学穿鞋袜</p><p>穿袜子：将袜口叠到袜跟、提住袜跟将脚伸进袜子至袜尖，足跟贴住袜跟，再将袜口提上来。这种穿法能使足跟与袜跟相符，穿得舒服。</p><p>然后开始学穿鞋：大脚趾最长，在脚的里侧，把两只鞋尖的一侧对放在一起，让宝宝认出哪一只鞋应穿左脚、哪一只应穿右脚。反复练习后，宝宝就能熟练地自己穿上鞋袜。</p><p>进一步练习宝宝的自理能力，使他产生自信，知道区别左右脚。</p><p>2、倒水入瓶</p><p>找两个酸奶瓶，让宝宝把其中一个装满水然后倒入另一个瓶内，尽量不让水漏出。熟练之后，再让宝宝将小碗中的水倒入瓶内而不泼洒。</p><p>通过这个游戏，可锻炼宝宝的手眼协调能力，做精细的操作。</p><p>3、变高和变矮</p><p>爸爸说“变高”，同宝宝一起踮起脚尖，伸直身体，举起双手，人变高了许多。爸爸再喊“变矮”，蹲下双脚，弯腰低头，双手抱住膝盖，身体变成一个球状。由快到慢，或由宝宝喊口令，爸爸和宝宝一起表演，或由宝宝单独表演。</p><p>练习伸展和屈曲身体，使关节和韧带得到锻炼，全身肌肉活动协调。这种身体活动的游戏最好穿插在一些静态的游戏中间，使宝宝动静结合，有利于健康。</p><p>训练言语能力</p><p>幼儿在1岁半后，言语发展会突飞猛进，他们不仅重复成人说的言语，而且想要自己说出周围东西的名称。</p><p>语言来源于生活，家长应常带小儿到户外、公园去玩，鼓励他与人交往，并引导小儿仔细观察遇到的事物，告诉小儿他遇到事物的名称和特点。</p><p>回家后，要他回忆在外面接触的人，看到的东西，并尽量帮他用较完整的话叙述出来。这样，不但丰富了他的语言词汇，而且巩固了记忆，增长了知识。</p><p>推荐游戏：猜声音</p><p>先把宝宝熟悉的人或物的声音一一录下来，如爸爸、妈妈或其他亲人的讲话声，汽车的喇叭声，狗的叫声等。</p><p>游戏开始时，按动录音机，逐一播放给宝宝听。然后让宝宝说出听到的是什么声音。不要选择太相像的两种声音，以免宝宝答错后有挫败感。如果宝宝答对了，记得要称赞宝宝。</p><p>颜色辨别</p><p>一岁半的宝宝对颜色异常敏感，在玩耍的时候，可以加入一些颜色鲜艳的数字和字母，都能够有效增强宝宝的兴趣和印象。帮助宝宝认识颜色的几个游戏：</p><p>游戏一：找找什么是红颜色的</p><p>这种游戏在任何环境中都可以玩，让孩子找红色的东西，找到了，就让他在手中摆弄一会儿，并说出名称。说对了，就赞扬他：说错了，要给他指出和说出来，这是“红皮球”，但别指责他笨。教孩子认识其他颜色也可用这种方法。</p><p>游戏二：取食物</p><p>妈妈买回很多菜、水果，可以有意识地让孩子帮忙从篮中取出，说出它的名称和颜色，同时可以告诉他这些东西吃了对健康的好处，这样不仅教会了孩子认识颜色，也增进了他对蔬菜、水果的好感。</p><p>游戏三：搭配颜色</p><p>取10~ 20只胶卷轴，外面裹贴一圈白纸。白纸上涂上各种颜色，每种颜色涂两只，组成两组不同颜色的胶卷轴。</p><p>两组胶卷轴分别放在两个房间里，先让孩子辨认一组的颜色，之后妈妈指定一种颜色，让孩子到另一个房间里，把相同颜色的胶卷轴取来，一只一只地取，直到取完配好为止。</p><p>在开始阶段，颜色可以少一些，甚至只有红、黄、蓝三种，待孩子熟悉后，逐渐增加颜色种类。</p><p>训练观察能力</p><p>训练上下、里外、前后方位意识：如游戏时说："球在椅子上、椅子下"、"球在箱子里、在箱子外面"等等。</p><p>辨别多少：如分糖果给家人，看看分的是否一样多，放桌上比比看谁多谁少。</p><p>早教注意事项</p><p>充分的睡眠</p><p>充足的睡眠是宝宝健康成长的必要条件，如果宝宝睡眠状况不好的话，会造成宝宝食欲不振，从而影响到脑部的发育，影响到智力。</p><p>一岁半儿童一天累计睡眠时间在14小时左右，白天2小时夜间12小时。当然也存在个体差异。 一岁半儿童睡眠时间不要超过16小时，但也不能短于9小时，因为充足睡眠，能保证儿童正常生理发育。</p><p>注意饮食</p><p>一岁半儿童的饮食要注意合理膳食，多食蔬菜、水果、蛋、肉、鱼，少食高脂肪、高糖、高胆固醇的食物。 对于一岁半的儿童，可以和大人一样，每天给他按时吃三餐，上午和下午各补充一次点心或水果。三餐以厚粥和软饭为主，要多吃蔬菜。菜和鱼肉、虾肉要剁碎，拌在饭里给孩子吃，最好经常换花样，这样孩子才爱吃。</p><p>如果儿童喜欢，可以让他坐得和大人一样高，给儿童一个碗，一个勺，让他在接受喂饭的同时可以自己也吃，千万别怕他会弄得到处都是。这个时候可以让儿童学着自己吃饭，如果他成功地把饭送到嘴里，他会很高兴的，这会激起他自己动手的更大欲望。</p><p>千万不要追着连哄带骗地给儿童喂饭，其实如果儿童不想吃，父母可以把食物拿开，而不是逼着他吃。过量的食物很可能让儿童没有胃口，父母逼着他吃会让儿童慢慢讨厌食物的，也可以把食物做成小份的，一份吃完后再给一份，这样不会让儿童看见一大碗增加了儿童吃饭的压力。</p><p>心态平和</p><p>各位爸爸妈妈可以在平时的日常生活中对宝宝进行教育，父母在早教的过程中要放松心态，千万别操之过急。家长们在给宝宝早教时一定要注意，不要把目标定得太高或者有盼望宝宝成为“神童”的心理。</p><p>有些父母不顾婴幼儿心理发展的特点，硬性地给孩子规定学习任务，让婴幼儿像学生那样坐下来学习，剥夺了他们玩耍的时间，这对孩子的身心健康很不利。</p> %3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"婴幼儿时期是生命发展的基础阶段与关键期，因此早教可以为婴幼儿的身体、大脑、智力、个性、人格、精神、心灵","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"等方面的发展","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"打下根基。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqWsUEKY4qmOIpPBCE6Jwh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教基本信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqIQCE8okGIUYt7FTZjDoha"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiW0GaGi2kEi44QD0YWy6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教班适合0到6岁的孩子，因为这个年龄段的孩子是开发各种潜力的最佳时机，比如沟通能力、专注度、想象力、学习能力、人际交往能力等等；正确、科学的早期教育可以为孩子多元化的大脑发育和健康人格的培养打下良好的基础。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一般来说，上早教越早越好，出生后42天就可以参加早教，但是一岁以内的宝宝理解不够，需要和父母一起学习，也就是亲子早教班。一岁半以上的孩子，可以根据自身的发展水平选择是否需要家长陪同。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不同阶段的孩子有不同适合的早教课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnock2iw0Y4OUgE3IVmxiMZd"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"背景介绍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5dd2f50cc75415583e113358fa11f06","width":650},"text":"","id":"doxcnWOuOackOMOwAW8eHzPWhBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"上早教的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaa24GMEQUMo0gJEYZSZnmf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开发潜能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWOOOG2QyS6gCyWOhBEd6Vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宝宝在家长和老师的陪同下多参加一些早教活动，对开掘宝宝的内在是有帮助的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUgMg6scIiaugL1yQZywgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如语言智能、肢体智能、音乐智能、逻辑智能等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQYQAmOEq6KuqdIJ7L1V0p"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每个孩子都有独特的性格和特点，有的比较活泼能适应环境变化，有的相对内敛比较小心谨慎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAYO2sOS4a2gmuWMdivcNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过一些活动或游戏来帮助家长关注孩子的反应，既锻炼了孩子的能力也能让父母发现孩子的天性，从而在宝宝的成长中帮助宝宝发展，适应新的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4YWkkwo6SEeKrfdG87e9A0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"塑造性格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKWW4CSguCWAGuSvSgiKEzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教另一个大的益处就是能培养宝宝开朗外向的性格，让宝宝走出小家庭，来到一个大家庭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQmOIqCSIKMygBxQ7EkzCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人际交流机会增多，可以增强宝宝的交往沟通能力，使得他们变得更加活泼、有信心，也更喜欢与他人交往。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosKO00m8QQ8KMhKpu1nhjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于一些内向的孩子帮助效果尤其明显，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"无论是以后进入幼儿园还是长大后自信心的建立，都有很多的益处","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna8oOym8SIeIW4NvkndVz1g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"增加情感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQYeu2KqA4E6ao9TLosSqWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在亲子互动的过程中，父母作为大朋友领导和配合着孩子的行为。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskMIAYuIK4moeSBGzuHxwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如父母和孩子一起进行亲子阅读，一起阅读故事书，可以建立亲子关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMgaEkUMCyKWKMUN4kw1re"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还可以一起配合来进行角色扮演，这样也会增加孩子的自信心，角色扮演之后孩子会对整个故事记忆深刻，丰富了孩子的知识，寓教于乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcCkUWiGoQaYoHH0LCCRzg"},,"attrs":{"height":2333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"增加情感","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/921c4a3019664f34be74f87656ef395a","width":3500},"text":"","id":"doxcnm8UU2I2IUWoQg1LyMpyDXg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何挑选机构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2USAeeOs08K8OY9XPTzaaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长在选择早教机构时，一定要多花时间，考虑距离、环境、师资和服务。直接的办法就是带宝宝去试听体验课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOuuEm2G86yOgIfQwzoLWIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬件、环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSM8w6UCEyeUAUj2Vv7ipjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般早教环境设施都比较“高大上”，通常会有家长豪华休息室、咖啡机、电脑、娱乐区等等，但是孩子，尤其是婴幼儿，到底需要一个什么样的环境呢？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKyk6OKiokKomiUtpOEiajg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如是否有相对独立、安静、宽松的教室，是否有适宜的室内灯光和温度，是否配置相应教学设备和安全消防设施，视觉设计是否有童趣等等以及是否具备无毒可靠、数量充足、性能优越的一些特殊培训课程所需的教学（含实训）设施等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngSIUkUAMOmcQmOGJF5NsDb"},,"attrs":{"height":645,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"硬件、环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa5660f513f34fd2b9271d87a03bf935","width":786},"text":"","id":"doxcnw8Ma0IEwY6aWqqwZFOs6Fh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程体系特色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Yu4SCgYWueu2jN8jr5Fkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"许多人认为早教班就只是在玩游戏，要知道这些游戏的设置是根据宝宝的年龄阶段和生长发育特定的，不仅仅是在玩，还在玩的过程中培养宝宝的技能，如何玩的更加有效和巧妙，引导宝宝健康成长。早教的课程一般有肢体训练、感官、数学、艺术和音乐等这些内容。不同的早教机构教学理念不同，因此课程设计上也略有不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnogEEKi64UWe646VUXRKrbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如，早教中心的教材采用其他机构或市场销售的专家书籍，从一个侧面反映了该机构的研发能力和教学潜力如何，这样的机构的课程缺乏更新能力和市场追踪能力，不是上佳选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoYkcgAA4qcMwKaB9UBNdUd"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"课程体系特色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae3fafd0464f4b6faec5948133bb40d5","width":745},"text":"","id":"doxcnASUU0emOqYmQiYkBEDadlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宝宝每个年龄段的能力发展是不同的，因此各阶段早教课程的侧重点也会有所不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSsUqgKssuEWKiZbsF2jJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"0-2.5岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQo2ig4m22UiEtHHlhCY7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点培养感知运动、音乐表达、社交等能力，也会培养宝宝手部精细动作、语言表达能力、注意力等能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ygoqe4iIKwgu63X7iloOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.5-3岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUCE2ISWeUUso7izErTrSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程会侧重在宝宝情绪调试、习惯规则的遵守的能力，针对入园适应的相关问题，着重培养精细动作、语言表达、情绪调试、习惯规则等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMg6KqSSoa4uUuy1JLmQsJg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3-6岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAo6a608yYwKGC6gY4v8zug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程会针对科学认知、语言发展和人际交往，着重培养学习能力、语言能力、社会交往、行为习惯等能力发展，为幼升小做准备。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSa42EM802uko9BeKAWpFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因此，家长在选择早教中心的时候要考察课程设置是否科学分龄，每个阶段的课程侧重点应遵循儿童的能力发展有所不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGWsAEmEwkYmaItEjtuwce"},,"attrs":{"height":791,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3-6岁的宝宝","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a70cb261990141a88625e13c67021c30","width":1190},"text":"","id":"doxcn0sEqEA6USGWcfYGWDluSsW"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"师资力量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkI0A0mwySK46Gc2xieQZrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"师资水平是选择早教中心时，学校软实力中最重要的衡量标准之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UeWGG68mSWEgrr9Bq5Mfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先，教师应具备相应的从教资质。要看老师有没有进行过专业的培训，是如何培训获得资质的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8iI80CKMWUW0ScOIkob0ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其次，教师应具备相应的知识储备。这不仅指教师应熟练掌握所教学科的知识内容，还包括会运用恰当的教育教学方法引导孩子如何去学习。所以一定要与老师多沟通交流，看老师的言谈举止、专业知识、课堂组织呈现能力等全面素质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8Iewsyiw2eCsnA4npSEXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"再次，教师应该具备高度的责任心，遵循“有教无类”的原则，善于鼓励学生，发现他们各自的优点。建议家长可以与老师多沟通自己宝宝的发展情况，咨询一些育儿问题等，从而进行全面了解。家长在和老师接触时，只要提几个专业的问题或就自己孩子目前发展的特点进行交流，就会检验出老师的水平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoECoYiSgeGi6wFkqqIN4Uh"},,"attrs":{"height":449,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"师资力量","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2f81905aee0b46fb849722d3151a82f6","width":799},"text":"","id":"doxcnQqaIyOkOiia4c168kZ4tzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"孩子兴趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6W2cIUAimwAoG800pbtfFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对孩子的早期教育一定要遵循适当的发展规律，不能根据大人的主观意愿来决定孩子应该学习哪些课程，这都是不正确的，而且还会起到相反的作用。总之，无论何时都要以孩子的感受和喜好为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnigqGskkQgmAEAbIYavllah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择早教机构时，要做好孩子的思想准备，很多时候，孩子都是对硬性的学习非常的抵触的，一旦没有做好铺垫，很可能就让孩子有了抵触的心理，产生了厌学情绪的话就更不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKumc8im24iCAcJ3VVhTjDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长们也要注意，一节体验课孩子表现的好坏，不足以证明这家机构对孩子的长远发展是好或者坏，只能说明孩子对新环境的适应能力是好或者坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKso8wey0kAAK67MbO6Yhzb"},,"attrs":{"height":399,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"孩子兴趣","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c61d20ed916344a3a6066359419e1fb6","width":625},"text":"","id":"doxcnsoUOYI60eQYiMJyim0SpGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"办学资质","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkEUeSoIK8WWSMxCTpN2rEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择早教中心，千万不要被琳琅满目的广告给看花了眼睛，现今品牌效应、宣传轰炸充斥的当下环境，早教产品的广告数不胜数，家长在选择的时候一定要擦亮眼睛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6yU4UQQgciiaCuPLD8j2Uf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要看机构的工商、税务营业执照是否完善，是否有政府相关部门出具的培训资质，机构名称和办学实体是否相符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWsKqaQIEuMQk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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMQiauK8SSWCWvoMsnEgW0"},,"attrs":{"height":677,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"办学资质","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3344e08948e14c59a83086c15863e4d1","width":950},"text":"","id":"doxcn2IsKSmSweu4yMTiYvpahKc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"距离","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SmCu0omQQWkCMqIk2LyJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"距离是一个很大的因素，因为太远的距离反而会因为路上耽误时间多久，有损身体健康，引起孩子的方案，同时也加重了家长负担。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSOg0GK4QQQcuaj7yy1Sfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外，早教中心是否有合格的办学许可证？早教中心建立的年数与口碑如何？是否出现过加盟商停业跑路的情况？这些综合要素都需要家长慎重把控。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW6Cqa4GouME20cLp1FN9Bb"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"距离","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/35b95fb32fd24dfa9dd1cf07f43200b1","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcn4aCyMAwWWu6aqqkDzQaBbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收费合理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqumKwGGSQsc8DDDlbwLPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在了解学校环境、设备、师资、教学理念等情况的基础上，学校收费也是家长需要考虑的重要因素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkUes0cQ6wEaUx8Akiowog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长应仔细查看学校的收费项目、收费标准，了解收费是否经过备案、是否进行了公示、是否能开具有效票据等。在家庭经济承受范围之内，尽可能提供给孩子最优质的教育服务。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUAGuMcAmMi6A7hkbgbO5f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6IMssg86M2A0gqRazPIyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上早教课只是早教的一部分，更重要的是家长的陪伴。一岁半的宝宝，最好的教育方法是和他玩，做亲子游戏。在玩耍的过程中对宝宝进行语言教育，既让宝宝感觉到快乐，同时效果又较好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2cgUwEMeEoKUcRtg9BQvac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngwIs6uguU8eaaSuZS5SCPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"早教课程：有趣的表情","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUgyOIskgIeS6oQ85Jonub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"课程目的：激发孩子的观察力，掌握模仿的本能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SWC804OKKyqErL5KapcGd"},,"attrs":{"height":431,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/93de1a0d32144f96b0989cdc36ddd4bb","width":587},"text":"","id":"doxcneEmAYIKaYUesgJyTpO9Nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体步骤：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeWkeCOkIIAi0etxEdJnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、和孩子面对面坐好，对孩子做微笑的表情，同时对孩子说：“嘴角上翘是微笑，宝宝笑一个。”然后观察孩子的反应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYMmmwsOWkS0QDO9RKRjXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、准备一些有关微笑的图片，让孩子看一看，并告诉他：“瞧，大家都在笑，宝宝也笑一笑。”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqe8iCOeSMqUyQXA2ngQ1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、用同样的方法教孩子认识其他表情，如淘气吐舌头、开心地大笑、难过地哭泣、生气等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYYkAccWOcigicTMeuVbPsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、拿一面镜子，和孩子一起坐在镜子前，对着镜子做表情，然后让孩子模仿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgSWiYUseUi0VAEXleeVNP"},,"attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0122806fe7e4c4f8ab5b26fcc675889","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcncyKYsogkgU4IYPYdWpzMOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样的早教课堂，爸爸妈妈可以经常的陪孩子来做，可以激发孩子的模仿兴趣，并训练孩子面部肌肉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmE6YUM2o0S4wsVTAPcJqme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练动作能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ImccWeGYc48uoIgxfjQic"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学穿鞋袜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkyWmGCYCgsSuIRh57SZN7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"穿袜子：将袜口叠到袜跟、提住袜跟将脚伸进袜子至袜尖，足跟贴住袜跟，再将袜口提上来。这种穿法能使足跟与袜跟相符，穿得舒服。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqoAYma4CoQGsd3JGK029e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后开始学穿鞋：大脚趾最长，在脚的里侧，把两只鞋尖的一侧对放在一起，让宝宝认出哪一只鞋应穿左脚、哪一只应穿右脚。反复练习后，宝宝就能熟练地自己穿上鞋袜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng24QUWmuSUmowx0I2hilsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步练习宝宝的自理能力，使他产生自信，知道区别左右脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWyI8w4gqEcouuRq37tcHc"},,"attrs":{"height":635,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学穿鞋袜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e96955e99bc3407e9e0e3ec459de5c4f","width":1230},"text":"","id":"doxcneamAIuAiymUmApdJRRl8Oh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、倒水入瓶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMwwSYIcuAkICeR8XEw7gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找两个酸奶瓶，让宝宝把其中一个装满水然后倒入另一个瓶内，尽量不让水漏出。熟练之后，再让宝宝将小碗中的水倒入瓶内而不泼洒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngksQU4ySCMGWsh37BpCPtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过这个游戏，可锻炼宝宝的手眼协调能力，做精细的操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn88gYwIaGUS2C83qKK7KBJg"},,"attrs":{"height":702,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、倒水入瓶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f563d2335d7744f695e97929297354a2","width":452},"text":"","id":"doxcnuucKSgcEWk8Q4xfsMIezgh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、变高和变矮","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8GKOO4sOQ2IE6veKr30pff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爸爸说“变高”，同宝宝一起踮起脚尖，伸直身体，举起双手，人变高了许多。爸爸再喊“变矮”，蹲下双脚，弯腰低头，双手抱住膝盖，身体变成一个球状。由快到慢，或由宝宝喊口令，爸爸和宝宝一起表演，或由宝宝单独表演。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEIaWoyK0Wm8QxDuh3VCOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习伸展和屈曲身体，使关节和韧带得到锻炼，全身肌肉活动协调。这种身体活动的游戏最好穿插在一些静态的游戏中间，使宝宝动静结合，有利于健康。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6Wq6mmQcQ8a89xOil8SDh"},,"attrs":{"height":165,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3、变高和变矮","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d48d8c86d554ee4a8d42ebf7151a4b0","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcnOAusUEy6U6aks7zbHzU1kf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练言语能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YUiqgs44ekOCWfqm460ch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"幼儿在1岁半后，言语发展会突飞猛进，他们不仅重复成人说的言语，而且想要自己说出周围东西的名称。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWiMYaowcsuQGxvl9OkSYC5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言来源于生活，家长应常带小儿到户外、公园去玩，鼓励他与人交往，并引导小儿仔细观察遇到的事物，告诉小儿他遇到事物的名称和特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM86oayWIKW8eCE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20只胶卷轴，外面裹贴一圈白纸。白纸上涂上各种颜色，每种颜色涂两只，组成两组不同颜色的胶卷轴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKu86iqoiwscKILwSAp07bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两组胶卷轴分别放在两个房间里，先让孩子辨认一组的颜色，之后妈妈指定一种颜色，让孩子到另一个房间里，把相同颜色的胶卷轴取来，一只一只地取，直到取完配好为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaECSuCy6wAk4isJ2oM9Sqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在开始阶段，颜色可以少一些，甚至只有红、黄、蓝三种，待孩子熟悉后，逐渐增加颜色种类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUMIsqy2iaA6cFnHXaMJ4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练观察能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmwYUuiC4iS0Xlm2PeuLqW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练上下、里外、前后方位意识：如游戏时说：\"球在椅子上、椅子下\"、\"球在箱子里、在箱子外面\"等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYIqYMWu4yiiWU7gKRsvEFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"辨别多少：如分糖果给家人，看看分的是否一样多，放桌上比比看谁多谁少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkymUkg0GaS4eK0D4Xylmle"},,"attrs":{"height":837,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"训练观察能力","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/478b9ee3cbf54c62aabbd88be7d08c8b","width":789},"text":"","id":"doxcnmKyEK8EYaOuQK5ltfhkvnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWKyWeqKyqOG4KwQaANlsEf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"充分的睡眠","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaskcoaQMewmUVAGbQsZJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"充足的睡眠是宝宝健康成长的必要条件，如果宝宝睡眠状况不好的话，会造成宝宝食欲不振，从而影响到脑部的发育，影响到智力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SKCOMuIesiaobtBoDaCnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一岁半儿童一天累计睡眠时间在14小时左右","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"，","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"白天2小时夜间12小时。当然也存在个体差异。 一岁半儿童睡眠时间不要超过16小时，但也不能短于9小时，因为充足睡眠，能保证儿童正常生理发育。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSww8ksyySwi4FJbCcAdsh"},,"attrs":{"height":2480,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"充分的睡眠","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/74daa660a24d4533b21f2273bbd60112","width":3507},"text":"","id":"doxcnI6wKYaomIqCyshMefec0ib"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意饮食","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWY0OEay6WoaQK6dDez9CLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一岁半儿童的饮食要注意合理膳食，多食蔬菜、水果、蛋、肉、鱼，少食高脂肪、高糖、高胆固醇的食物。 对于一岁半的儿童，可以和大人一样，每天给他按时吃三餐，上午和下午各补充一次点心或水果。三餐以厚粥和软饭为主，要多吃蔬菜。菜和鱼肉、虾肉要剁碎，拌在饭里给孩子吃，最好经常换花样，这样孩子才爱吃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4KYYqOuwIsEa8CNpgKEWd"},,"attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意饮食","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d9d5b14f9a714020bd5fdb4db4e51024","width":707},"text":"","id":"doxcnWkIMCiYaUAs0gJCReCgHge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果儿童喜欢，可以让他坐得和大人一样高，给儿童一个碗，一个勺，让他在接受喂饭的同时可以自己也吃，千万别怕他会弄得到处都是。这个时候可以让儿童学着自己吃饭，如果他成功地把饭送到嘴里，他会很高兴的，这会激起他自己动手的更大欲望。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6K02i0sESUUUtK0iCLq6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"千万不要追着连哄带骗地给儿童喂饭，其实如果儿童不想吃，父母可以把食物拿开，而不是逼着他吃。过量的食物很可能让儿童没有胃口，父母逼着他吃会让儿童慢慢讨厌食物的，也可以把食物做成小份的，一份吃完后再给一份，这样不会让儿童看见一大碗增加了儿童吃饭的压力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSCo4qmkWUuyCK62066BAb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"心态平和","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ8E2oCESeCAKVwEhZITHD4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各位爸爸妈妈可以在平时的日常生活中对宝宝进行教育，父母在早教的过程中要放松心态，千万别操之过急。家长们在给宝宝早教时一定要注意，不要把目标定得太高或者有盼望宝宝成为“神童”的心理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwo0U86c2awwSYtJyqEOk2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些父母不顾婴幼儿心理发展的特点，硬性地给孩子规定学习任务，让婴幼儿像学生那样坐下来学习，剥夺了他们玩耍的时间，这对孩子的身心健康很不利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUAA02WGqwYugfNjYndrSf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E<h2>7. ek空调故障代码大全</h2><p>空调显示12是室外机异常。</p><p>室外机异常有两个原因：</p><p>1、室外电气控制部件出现故障。</p><p>2、压缩机出现故障。</p><p>解决方法：</p><p>1、打开外壳并测量压缩机每个绕组的电阻是否正常，启动电容是否正常。</p><p>启动测试继电器RL301、RL302、RL303引入正常，RL304不起作用。测量电阻的主要原因是室外机未启动的原因是RL304没有连接，220V电压没有施加到压缩机。</p><p>为了找出RL304没有接通的原因，使用三米测量Q301饱和导通，NE5552引脚为低电平且正常。 3分钟后，NE5553引脚为低电平，正常应为高电平，表示NE555工作异常。</p><p>测量NE555每脚的电压，6、7的电压为5V，非常不稳定。 C302在焊接下测量并具有一定的电阻值且电阻值不稳定。更换相同规格的电容测试机，压缩机和风扇正常运行，故障排除。</p><p>2、压缩机不工作的原因是：C302泄漏使NE5556的电压达到其工作阈值电压，使引脚3始终输出低电平，Q302、Q303复合管处于关断状态，另一个+ 12V电压RL304的结束未能形成。在电路中，继电器不能被吸入，因此压缩机无法供电而无法工作。</p>
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